Владимир Заболотский. Экономика, труд, управление в сельском хозяйстве. 5 выпуск

56 Материально-техническая база АПК ЭКОНОМИКА, ТРУД, УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ, №2 (120), 2025 Oleg V. Zakarchevski 1 , Aleksey S. Apatenko 2 , Eduard A. Novoselov 3 , Olga A. Fedotenkova 4 1, 3 FSBSI FRC AESDRA VNIIESH, Moscow, Russia 2 FSBEI HE RT SAU, Moscow, Russia 4 Central Russian Institute of Management – RANEPA, Orel, Russia Abstract. The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of import substitution of agricultural machinery in Russia, which has become a strategic response to sanctions and international challenges. The historical dependence on imports, the challenges associated with the shortage of machinery and spare parts, as well as the adaptation of the Russian agro-industrial sector to new economic realities are considered. The development of domestic production is analyzed in detail, including the efforts of companies such as Rostselmash and Kirovets, and government support measures such as subsidies, concessional lending and leasing programs. The dynamics of imports of machinery from China, Belarus and India, as well as their impact on market stability, are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the competitiveness of domestic and imported machinery, the problems of fleet wear, as well as the prospects for modernization of the industry. The main conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of localization of production, strengthening cooperation with friendly countries and further development of state support measures to achieve technological independence of Russia in the field of agricultural engineering. Key words: import substitution, agricultural machinery, sanctions, localization, state support, China, Belarus, India, subsidies, concessional lending, depreciation of machinery. Highlights:  before the sanctions were imposed in 2022, a significant part of agricultural machinery in Russia was imported from the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries, occupying up to 60% of the combine harvester market and 50% of the tractor market. After 2022, import volumes decreased by more than 70%, which created the need for active development of domestic production and the search for alternative suppliers from friendly countries such as China and Belarus. This made it possible to partially compensate for the shortage of equipment and ensure the adaptation of the agricultural sector to new conditions.  russian companies such as Rostselmash and Kirovets have increased production of machinery by 45% over the past five years. The level of product localization increased from 50% in 2014 to 75% in 2022, which reduced dependence on foreign components. This became possible thanks to the modernization of production facilities, the introduction of proprietary developments in hydraulics and transmissions, as well as active government support, including subsidies and concessional lending.  after the withdrawal of Western manufacturers, Russia increased the volume of purchases of agricultural machinery from China, Belarus and India. Chinese equipment turned out to be the most affordable and mass–produced, Belarusian – reliable and adapted to Russian conditions, and Indian - suitable for small farms. Imports from these countries compensated for up to 40-50% of losses related to sanctions, while the share of Chinese equipment in the market doubled, reaching 25% in 2023.  subsidy, concessional lending and leasing programs have played a key role in the renewal of the fleet. In two years, about 12% of agricultural machinery has been modernized, which has reduced the financial burden on farmers. However, problems remain with a high degree of wear (up to 48% of cars), a shortage of spare parts and insufficient replacement rates for outdated equipment. To achieve full technological independence, further development of local production of key components and increased government support are required. Введение. Импортозамещение сельскохозяйственной техники в России стало важной частью государственной политики после введения санкций в 2022 году. Отрасль столкнулась с серьезными вызовами: прекращение поставок иностранной техники, рост цен на комплектующие и необходимость замены устаревшего парка машин. Это привело к активизации российских производителей, таких как «Ростсельмаш», «Кировец», «Гомсельмаш», а также к расширению сотрудничества с дружественными странами, включая Китай, Индию и страны Юго-Восточной Азии. Рынок сельскохозяйственной техники в России исторически был ориентирован на импортную продукцию. До введения санкций значительная часть тракторов и комбайнов закупалась у ведущих мировых производителей, таких как John Deere, CLAAS, Case IH, New Holland. Уровень импортной зависимости достигал 60% в сегменте комбайнов и 50% в сегменте тракторов. Однако, санкции 2022 г., наложенные на ключевые технологии и комплектующие, кардинально изменили структуру рынка. Импорт сократился более чем на 70%, что поставило российский аграрный сектор в критическую зависимость от внутренних решений и альтернативных поставщиков из дружественных стран. Ситуация обострилась на фоне роста износа сельскохозяйственной техники, средний уровень которого превысил 48 процентов. Это создало дополнительные трудности для